Footnotes for Websites:
Use a superscript number in the text to indicate a footnote.
Include the author’s name (if available), the title of the webpage in quotation marks, the title of the website in italics, the publication or last modification date (if available), and the URL.
Example:
In-Text: "Online resources have expanded rapidly.¹"
Footnote: 1. "Digital Media Trends," Media Insights, last modified February 15, 2023, https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.
Bibliography for Websites:
Start with the webpage title in quotation marks, followed by the website name in italics.
Include the publication or modification date and the full URL.
Example:
Bibliography Entry: "Digital Media Trends." Media Insights. Last modified February 15, 2023. https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.
In-Text Citation for Websites:
Place the author or website name and year in parentheses.
Example: (Media Insights 2023)
Reference List Entry for Websites:
Include the author’s name (if available), the publication date, the webpage title in quotation marks, the website name in italics, and the full URL.
Example:
Reference List Entry: Media Insights. 2023. "Digital Media Trends." Last modified February 15, 2023. https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "This theory has been widely debated.¹"
Footnote:
Jane Smith, The History of Nonfiction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022), 45.
Bibliography Entry: Smith, Jane. The History of Nonfiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "Further evidence supports this claim.²"
Footnote: 2. John Doe, "Analyzing Narratives," in Understanding Nonfiction, ed. Sarah Johnson (New York: Academic Press, 2020), 123.
Bibliography Entry: Doe, John. "Analyzing Narratives." In Understanding Nonfiction, edited by Sarah Johnson, 120–130. New York: Academic Press, 2020.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "The findings were conclusive.³"
Footnote: 3. Emily Brown, "The Rise of Digital Media," Journal of Media Studies 45, no. 2 (2021): 67–68, https://doi.org/10.1080/jms.2021.12345.
Bibliography Entry: Brown, Emily. "The Rise of Digital Media." Journal of Media Studies 45, no. 2 (2021): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/jms.2021.12345.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "Online resources have expanded rapidly.⁴"
Footnote: 4. "Digital Media Trends," Media Insights, last modified February 15, 2023, https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.
Bibliography Entry: "Digital Media Trends." Media Insights. Last modified February 15, 2023. https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "Historical records show the significance of this event.⁵"
Footnote: 5. Abraham Lincoln, "Letter to Congress," January 1, 1863, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (New York: Harper & Row, 1953), 250.
Bibliography Entry: Lincoln, Abraham. "Letter to Congress." January 1, 1863. In Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler, 250. New York: Harper & Row, 1953.
In-Text Citation: (Smith 2022, 45)
Reference List Entry: Smith, Jane. 2022. The History of Nonfiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
In-Text Citation: (Brown 2021, 67–68)
Reference List Entry: Brown, Emily. 2021. "The Rise of Digital Media." Journal of Media Studies 45 (2): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/jms.2021.12345.
In-Text Citation: (Media Insights 2023)
Reference List Entry: Media Insights. 2023. "Digital Media Trends." Last modified February 15, 2023. https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.
Examples of Chicago Manual of Style Citations
The Chicago Manual of Style offers two citation systems: Notes and Bibliography (often used in humanities) and Author-Date (common in social sciences). Below are examples of both, with a focus on in-text citations and footnotes for the Notes and Bibliography system.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "This theory has been widely debated.¹"
Footnote:
Jane Smith, The History of Nonfiction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022), 45.
Bibliography Entry: Smith, Jane. The History of Nonfiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "Further evidence supports this claim.²"
Footnote: 2. John Doe, "Analyzing Narratives," in Understanding Nonfiction, ed. Sarah Johnson (New York: Academic Press, 2020), 123.
Bibliography Entry: Doe, John. "Analyzing Narratives." In Understanding Nonfiction, edited by Sarah Johnson, 120–130. New York: Academic Press, 2020.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "The findings were conclusive.³"
Footnote: 3. Emily Brown, "The Rise of Digital Media," Journal of Media Studies 45, no. 2 (2021): 67–68, https://doi.org/10.1080/jms.2021.12345.
Bibliography Entry: Brown, Emily. "The Rise of Digital Media." Journal of Media Studies 45, no. 2 (2021): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/jms.2021.12345.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "Online resources have expanded rapidly.⁴"
Footnote: 4. "Digital Media Trends," Media Insights, last modified February 15, 2023, https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.
Bibliography Entry: "Digital Media Trends." Media Insights. Last modified February 15, 2023. https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.
In-Text Citation (Superscript): "Historical records show the significance of this event.⁵"
Footnote: 5. Abraham Lincoln, "Letter to Congress," January 1, 1863, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (New York: Harper & Row, 1953), 250.
Bibliography Entry: Lincoln, Abraham. "Letter to Congress." January 1, 1863. In Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler, 250. New York: Harper & Row, 1953.
In-Text Citation: (Smith 2022, 45)
Reference List Entry: Smith, Jane. 2022. The History of Nonfiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
In-Text Citation: (Brown 2021, 67–68)
Reference List Entry: Brown, Emily. 2021. "The Rise of Digital Media." Journal of Media Studies 45 (2): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/jms.2021.12345.
In-Text Citation: (Media Insights 2023)
Reference List Entry: Media Insights. 2023. "Digital Media Trends." Last modified February 15, 2023. https://mediainsights.com/digital-trends.